What is in this part? This part mixes the schools together, the way the exam does. It covers key terms of literary theory, the major theory books and their authors, matching and chronology questions across schools, stylistics, and the basic critical approaches (formalist, historical, psychological, sociological).
This part covers key terms, theory basics and critical approaches, theory books and their authors, cross-school matching and chronology, and stylistics. The questions are drawn from previous UGC NET, SET, PhD entrance and Assistant Professor papers, and every answer comes with a short explanation. Tap an option to check your answer.
1. What is the critical approach which uses the methods and findings of the science of linguistics in the analysis of literary texts?
Intersubjectivity
Grammatology
Ambiguity
Stylistics
Stylistics applies linguistic methods and terminology to literary texts, analysing features such as syntax, lexis, sound and foregrounding to explain literary effects.
2. In which century did stylistics develop?
Twenty-first
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Twentieth
Stylistics developed in the twentieth century from Russian Formalism, Charles Bally and Leo Spitzer, and grew prominent through Jakobson and Halliday in the 1960s.
3. Who among the following is known to have popularised the term ‘glocalisation’?
John Tomlinson
Francis Fukuyama
John Urry
Roland Robertson
The sociologist Roland Robertson popularised glocalisation in the 1990s for the interpenetration of the global and the local.
4. What is the literary device that substitutes a part for the whole or vice versa?
Doppelgänger
Spoonerism
Amplification
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is the figure in which a part stands for the whole or the whole for a part, as in “all hands on deck”.
5. Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Terms
A. Ambiguity
B. Aporia
C. Intertextuality
D. Heteroglossia
Descriptions
i. A term coined by Julia Kristeva to refer to the fact that texts are constituted by a ‘tissue of citations’.
ii. A term used by Mikhail Bakhtin to describe the variety of languages and voices within a novel.
iii. An irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, usually associated with deconstructive thinking.
iv. A term made famous by William Empson to indicate that a word, phrase, or text can be interpreted in more than one way.
A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
Ambiguity: Empson’s term for multiple interpretation; aporia: deconstructive impasse; intertextuality: Kristeva’s tissue of citations; heteroglossia: Bakhtin’s variety of voices in the novel.
6. ‘Anti-foundationalism’ holds that
all truth claims can be judged true or false, usually against empirical facts
every theory poses different questions and, therefore, what counts as ‘fact’ and ‘truth’ differs in every case
causal statements about the relationship between dependent and independent variables can be made
truth is the foundation of all representational experience
Anti-foundationalism denies any neutral, theory-independent ground for knowledge, so what counts as fact or truth depends on the framework of inquiry.
7. The etymological meaning of the word “trope” is
Gesture
Desire
Mirror
Turning
Trope comes from Greek tropos, a turn, since a figure of speech turns a word away from its literal sense.
8. The etymological meaning of the word ‘trope’ is
gesture
desire
mirror
turning
Trope comes from Greek tropos, a turn, since a figure of speech turns a word away from its literal sense.
9. Given below is a statement followed by two inferences.
Statement: Posthumanism challenges the view that man is at the centre of creation, and contends that human beings share space with environmental forces, plants, animals and even machines.
Inferences:
(i) Posthumanism envisages a non-anthropocentric universe.
(ii) Posthumanism equates human beings with plants, animals and robots.
Choose the correct option:
(i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect.
(i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct.
Both (i) and (ii) are correct.
Both (i) and (ii) are incorrect.
Posthumanism decentres the human and imagines a non-anthropocentric world, but sharing space with plants, animals and machines does not mean equating humans with them.
10. The word ‘canonical’ means
Trend-setting
Well-established
Rule-breaking
Path-breaking
Canonical describes works accepted as authoritative and well established within a literary canon.
11. Match the following:
List I
(i) Objective correlative
(ii) Intentional Fallacy
(iii) Irony and Paradox
(iv) Make it new
List II
(a) Cleanth Brooks
(b) Ezra Pound
(c) Wimsatt and Beardsley
(d) T.S. Eliot
Choose the correct sequence:
(i)-(d) (ii)-(c) (iii)-(a) (iv)-(b)
(i)-(c) (ii)-(b) (iii)-(d) (iv)-(a)
(i)-(a) (ii)-(d) (iii)-(b) (iv)-(c)
(i)-(b) (ii)-(d) (iii)-(c) (iv)-(a)
Objective correlative: T.S. Eliot; Intentional Fallacy: Wimsatt and Beardsley; Irony and paradox: Cleanth Brooks; “Make it new”: Ezra Pound.
12. Connotation and denotation are aspects of
Alliteration
Syntax
Metre
Meaning
Denotation is a word’s literal, dictionary meaning and connotation its associated or implied meaning, so both are aspects of meaning.
13. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “theory” means:
The conceptual basis of a subject or area of study
The meta-discourse underlying a subject
In-depth knowledge of a subject
The real essence of a subject or area of study
The Oxford dictionary defines one sense of theory as the conceptual basis of a subject or area of study, as opposed to its practice.
14. The word “literature” is derived from which Latin root word?
Literatura
Littera
Literata
Literos
Literature comes from Latin litteratura, built on littera, meaning a letter of the alphabet.
Theory Basics & Critical Approaches
15. That the humanities and the sciences were in fact “two cultures” was suggested by
C.P. Snow in his Rede Lecture
W.H. Auden in his Oxford lectures on poetry
F.R. Leavis in his book The Great Tradition
Aldous Huxley in his Oxford lectures on poetry
C.P. Snow’s Rede Lecture The Two Cultures (1959) lamented the gulf between literary intellectuals and scientists; F.R. Leavis attacked it in 1962.
16. Which of the following theorists argued that the job of British literary critics was reduced to waiting at the port of Dover to receive the latest shipment of theory from Paris?
Jonathan Culler
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Terry Eagleton
None of the above
The jibe that British critics merely awaited the latest consignment of French theory at Dover is attributed to Terry Eagleton, satirising Britain’s dependence on imported Parisian theory.
17. Modern Western literature can be traced to ______________.
British agnostic believers
German Romantic theorists
Russian scholars
French writers and artists
The modern sense of literature as imaginative writing with aesthetic value emerged around 1800, largely through German Romantic theorists such as the Schlegel brothers.
18. According to the majority of theorists, who has the power to determine what can be known as literature?
Professors
Readers
Scholars
Society
Theorists such as Jonathan Culler argue that literature is whatever a given society treats as literature, a set of texts that cultural arbiters recognise as belonging to it.
19. English literature is known for being ____________.
Sentimental
Inaccurate
Political
Pastoral
As an institution, English literature was promoted in the nineteenth century as a national and ideological project, which theorists read as a political one.
20. Who defined rhetoric as “the art of persuasion”?
Aristotle
Michelangelo
Raphael
Socrates
In his Rhetoric Aristotle defined rhetoric as the faculty of observing the available means of persuasion in any given case.
21. What era defined rhetoric as the study of structuring powers for discussion?
The Renaissance
The Elizabethan Age
The Dark Ages
Modern times
Classical rhetoric was the art of persuasion; in modern times theorists such as Paul de Man recast it as the study of the structuring powers of discourse, especially tropes.
22. What type of lyric is used in sublime poetry?
Foolish lyric
Extravagant lyric
Prolonged lyric
Advanced lyric
Theorists of the lyric describe the sublime ode as extravagant: through apostrophe and hyperbole it addresses and animates the world in an excessive, visionary voice.
23. Who was J.L. Austin?
A British philosopher
A French linguist
An American linguist
A Russian speaker
J.L. Austin (1911-1960) was a British philosopher of ordinary language at Oxford who founded speech act theory.
24. When did J.L. Austin define the distinction between the various forms of utterance?
The 1870s
The 1950s
The 1400s
The 1920s
Austin set out the constative/performative distinction in the 1950s, notably in his 1955 William James Lectures, published as How to Do Things with Words (1962).
25. Who believed that performative language could be humorous?
Roe
Aristotle
Austin
Shakespeare
Austin’s account of performatives is famously witty, cataloguing comic “infelicities” such as marrying a monkey or naming a ship one has no authority to name.
26. Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Arts will often work obliquely, by myth or symbol. They may make their best criticism of life simply by being; they may best state by not stating.
Reason (R): It follows, if even only part of all this is true, that the arts do have an important social function. Arts can give greater depth to a society’s sense of itself. A country without great art might be a powerful collection of thriving earthworms but would be a sorry society.
Reason (R) is perfectly aligned with Assertion (A)
The Reason draws its conclusion from the Assertion: because art criticises life obliquely, simply by being, it deepens a society’s sense of itself and so has a social function.
27. Which of the following thinker-concept pairs is correctly matched?
I.A. Richards – Archetypal Criticism
Christopher Frye – Mysticism
Terry Eagleton – Psychological Criticism
Jacques Derrida – Deconstruction
Jacques Derrida founded deconstruction; Richards is linked with practical criticism and Eagleton with Marxist criticism.
28. “To refer to symbols as Lacanian symbols, to dub self-doubt as Lacanian self-doubt, and to call reflections in a mirror Lacanian reflections is not to read the mind from a perspective informed by Lacan. Nor do parenthetical references to Barthes’s hermeneutic code and Foucault’s analysis of sexual discourse constitute an interpretation necessarily different from that of traditional humanist criticism.” The author of the passage is objecting to critics who
try to force a parallel between recent critical approaches and traditional humanist criticism
decoratively apply the names and terminology of recent critical theories without employing the methodology
attempt to reduce the study of literature to a hunt for coded messages and symbols
stubbornly maintain a traditional notion of the role of criticism while refusing to acknowledge new theoretical developments
The passage says merely attaching labels like Lacanian or citing Barthes and Foucault does not amount to reading from those theoretical perspectives.
29. Modernism has been described as being concerned with the “disenchantment of our culture with culture itself.” Who is the critic?
Stephen Spender
Malcolm Bradbury
Lionel Trilling
Joseph Frank
Lionel Trilling used the phrase in “On the Teaching of Modern Literature” (in Beyond Culture, 1965) to describe modernism’s adversary stance.
30. Which of the following thinker-concept pairs is correctly matched?
I. A. Richards – Archetypal Criticism
Christopher Frye – Mysticism
Terry Eagleton – Psychological Criticism
Jacques Derrida – Deconstruction
Jacques Derrida founded deconstruction; Richards is linked with practical criticism and Eagleton with Marxist criticism.
31. Identify the odd one out from the following.
Modernism in literature and the arts has parallels with the movement known as Positivism.
A prominent aim of modernism is to challenge the norms of the dominant bourgeois culture.
A prominent feature of modernism is the phenomenon called the ‘avant-garde’.
Modernism involves a radical break with some of the traditional bases not only of Western art but of Western culture in general.
Modernism is marked by the avant-garde, anti-bourgeois revolt and a radical break with tradition; it is not paralleled with Positivism, which it largely reacted against.
32. Which of the following conclusions does not follow from the above statement?
“Literature is a body of texts, usually but not always recorded in writing, using commonly recognised symbols. While readers do seek newness in stories, they tend to react badly to too much of it. There is therefore both a conservative and an inventive element in good writing, and the best authors find the right balance between them.”
Literature is always made up of books.
Literature is a social pursuit.
Literature requires the use of shared codes.
Good literature is made up of traditional elements along with individual talent.
The statement says literature is usually but not always recorded in writing, so it need not always consist of books.
33. Who among these is not associated with existentialist thought?
Friedrich Nietzsche
René Descartes
Jean-Paul Sartre
Søren Kierkegaard
René Descartes was a seventeenth-century rationalist; Kierkegaard and Nietzsche were precursors of existentialism and Sartre its leading exponent.
34. Who distinguishes between ‘theory as a body of knowledge’ and ‘theory as a practice’?
Paul de Man
Terry Eagleton
Slavoj Žižek
Henry Giroux
Henry Giroux, writing on critical pedagogy and cultural studies, distinguishes theory as an accumulated body of knowledge from theory as a reflective, political practice.
35. Modernism has been described as being concerned with the “disenchantment of our culture with culture itself.” Who is the critic?
Stephen Spender
Malcolm Bradbury
Lionel Trilling
Joseph Frank
Lionel Trilling, in “On the Teaching of Modern Literature” (Beyond Culture, 1965), saw modern literature as expressing the disenchantment of our culture with culture itself.
36. Who claimed that the whole of the European philosophical tradition was little more than footnotes added to the writings of Plato?
Karl Marx
Aristotle
A.N. Whitehead
Stephen Maxwell
In Process and Reality (1929) A.N. Whitehead wrote that the European philosophical tradition consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.
37. Detractors argue that such an approach can be too “judgmental”; some believe literature should be judged primarily, if not solely, on its artistic merits. Which approach has this disadvantage?
Psychological
Moral/Philosophical
Formalism/New Criticism
Historical/Biographical
The moral-philosophical approach judges literature by the values and ideas it teaches, so critics charge it with being too judgmental and neglecting artistic merit.
38. One purpose of literary theory is described below: A formalist approach might enable us to choose between a reading which sees the dissolution of society in Lord of the Flies as being caused by too strict a suppression of the “bestial” side of man and one which sees it as resulting from too little suppression. We can look to the text and ask: What textual evidence is there for the suppression or indulgence of the “bestial” side of man? Does Ralph suppress Jack when he tries to indulge his bestial side in hunting? Does it appear from the text that an imposition of stricter law and order would have prevented the breakdown? Did it work in the “grown-up” world of the novel? Which purpose does this describe?
To help resolve a question, problem or difficulty in the reading
To help decide which is the better of two conflicting readings
To enable us to form judgments about literature
All of the above answers are correct
The example weighs two opposed interpretations of Lord of the Flies against textual evidence, illustrating theory’s use in deciding between conflicting readings.
39. “The historical approach, for instance, might be helpful in addressing a problem in Thomas Otway’s play Venice Preserv’d. Why are the conspirators, despite the horrible, bloody details of their obviously brutish plan, portrayed in a sympathetic light? If we look at the author and his time, we see that he was a Tory whose play was performed in the wake of the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Bill Crisis, and that there are obvious similarities between the conspiracy in the play and the Popish Plot in history. The Tories would never approve of the bloody Popish Plot, but they nonetheless sympathized with the plotters for the way they were abused by the Tory enemy, the Whigs. Thus it makes sense for Otway to condemn the conspiracy itself in Venice Preserv’d without condemning the conspirators themselves.” Which purpose of literary theory does this describe?
To help resolve a question, problem or difficulty in the reading
To help decide which is the better of two conflicting readings
To enable us to form judgments about literature
All of the above answers are correct
The example uses historical context to explain a puzzling feature of Venice Preserv’d, the sympathetic conspirators, so theory here serves to resolve a difficulty in the reading.
40. Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist?
Ferdinand de Saussure
Viktor Shklovsky
Roland Barthes
Michel Foucault
Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916), with its account of the sign as arbitrary and relational, is commonly treated as the foundation of structuralism and modern literary theory.
41. The options below are steps in “How to Read and Understand an Expository Essay”. Which of these is the initial step?
Identify the mode of development
Analysis of the author
Subsequent readings/reviews
All of the above answers are correct
Reading an expository essay begins with a preview analysis of the author and context, followed by a first reading, identifying the mode of development and then subsequent readings.
42. New trends in literary theory tend to do which of the following?
Reject all previous modes of literary theory
Focus on a return to traditional critical methods
Work only with ideas developed by post-Marxist theorists
Make use of different literary theories in order to develop new theories
Recent theory is eclectic and interdisciplinary, combining earlier approaches such as Marxism, feminism, psychoanalysis and poststructuralism to build new ones like ecocriticism or queer theory.
43. What do many contemporary theorists find problematic about the literary canon?
It includes too few works by non-European writers.
It includes too few works by non-white writers.
It includes too few works by women.
All of the above answers are correct.
Feminist, postcolonial and ethnic-studies critics argue that the traditional canon is dominated by white, male, European authors and underrepresents other writers.
44. Which approach is described in the following? Those who apply this approach believe it is necessary to know about the author and the political, economic and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand his works.
Moral/Philosophical approach
Historical/Biographical approach
Formalism
Psychological approach
The historical-biographical approach reads a work chiefly as a reflection of its author’s life and of the political, economic and social conditions of the age.
🎓
Finding Key Terms & Mixed tricky? The full lectures are in the Literary Theory & Criticism course, with printed booklets delivered home.
Theory Books & Their Authors
45. Who is the author of the book The Age of Extremes?
Karl Marx
Jacques Derrida
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Eric Hobsbawm
The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (1994) is by the British Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, completing his ‘Age of’ series.
46. Match the authors in List I with the titles in List II:
List I (Authors)
I. Claude Lévi-Strauss
II. Jacques Derrida
III. Northrop Frye
IV. Michel Foucault
List II (Titles)
1. Of Grammatology
2. The Archaeology of Knowledge
3. Structural Anthropology
4. Anatomy of Criticism
Codes: I II III IV
1 3 4 2
3 1 2 4
3 1 4 2
2 1 3 4
Structural Anthropology (1958): Lévi-Strauss; Of Grammatology (1967): Derrida; Anatomy of Criticism (1957): Frye; The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969): Foucault.
47. A new series called “New Accents” was launched by Methuen in 1977. The first title to be published in the series was:
Structuralism and Semiotics
Formalism and Marxism
Deconstruction: Theory and Practice
Making a Difference: Feminist Literary Criticism
Terence Hawkes, the series editor, wrote its first title, Structuralism and Semiotics (1977); Bennett’s Formalism and Marxism (1979) and Norris’s Deconstruction (1982) followed.
48. Match the works with authors:
Works
A. Image-Music-Text
B. Why Marx Was Right
C. The Mirror and the Lamp
D. Culture and Society
Authors
i. M.H. Abrams
ii. Raymond Williams
iii. Roland Barthes
iv. Terry Eagleton
A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii
A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
Image-Music-Text (1977): Roland Barthes; Why Marx Was Right (2011): Terry Eagleton; The Mirror and the Lamp (1953): M.H. Abrams; Culture and Society (1958): Raymond Williams.
49. Match the critics with their works:
Critics
(a) Edward Said
(b) Terry Eagleton
(c) Francis Mulhern
(d) K.M. Newton
Works
(i) The Illusions of Postmodernism
(ii) Contemporary Marxist Literary Criticism
(iii) Theory into Practice
(iv) Culture and Imperialism
(a-iv); (b-i); (c-ii); (d-iii)
(a-iv); (b-i); (c-iii); (d-ii)
(a-ii); (b-i); (c-iv); (d-iii)
(a-i); (b-ii); (c-iii); (d-iv)
Said: Culture and Imperialism; Eagleton: The Illusions of Postmodernism; Mulhern (ed.): Contemporary Marxist Literary Criticism; Newton: Theory into Practice.
50. Match the theorist with the text:
(a) John Fiske
(b) Michel de Certeau
(c) Pierre Bourdieu
(d) Jean-François Lyotard
i. Distinction
ii. The Postmodern Condition
iii. Reading the Popular
iv. The Practice of Everyday Life
(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
(a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)
Fiske: Reading the Popular; de Certeau: The Practice of Everyday Life; Bourdieu: Distinction; Lyotard: The Postmodern Condition.
51. Who wrote Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places?
Henri Lefebvre
Homi K. Bhabha
Edward Soja
Mark Twain
The geographer Edward Soja wrote Thirdspace (1996), developing Henri Lefebvre’s spatial theory into the idea of a lived “thirdspace”.
52. Match the following authors with their books.
List I
(I) Elaine Showalter
(II) Jacques Derrida
(III) Edward Said
(IV) Roland Barthes
List II
(i) S/Z
(ii) Representations of the Intellectual
(iii) The Gift of Death
(iv) A Literature of Their Own
Codes: (I) (II) (III) (IV)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
A Literature of Their Own (1977): Showalter; The Gift of Death (1992): Derrida; Representations of the Intellectual (1994): Said; S/Z (1970): Barthes.
53. Match the following:
List I
a. Science and Poetry
b. The Heresy of Paraphrase
c. What Was Literature?
d. Anna Karenina and Other Essays
List II
i. Leslie Fiedler
ii. F.R. Leavis
iii. Cleanth Brooks
iv. I.A. Richards
Codes:
a b c d
iii ii iv i
iv i ii iii
iv iii i ii
iii i ii iv
Science and Poetry: I.A. Richards; The Heresy of Paraphrase: Cleanth Brooks; What Was Literature?: Leslie Fiedler; Anna Karenina and Other Essays: F.R. Leavis.
54. Point out the odd one out.
Aspects of the Novel
The Craft of Fiction
The Rhetoric of Fiction
The Well Wrought Urn
Aspects of the Novel (Forster), The Craft of Fiction (Lubbock) and The Rhetoric of Fiction (Booth) study fiction; The Well Wrought Urn (Cleanth Brooks) is a New Critical study of poetry.
55. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook was edited by:
Eugene Nida
James Holmes
André Lefevere
Anton Popovič
André Lefevere edited Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook (1992), part of the cultural turn that treats translation as rewriting shaped by ideology and patronage.
56. Who is the author of Radiant Textuality?
Gerald Graff
Jerome McGann
James Thorpe
Richard D. Altick
Jerome McGann wrote Radiant Textuality: Literature after the World Wide Web (2001), a study of digital editing and textual scholarship.
57. Who is the author of The Otherness of English: India’s Auntie Tongue Syndrome?
Probal Dasgupta
Yamuna Kachru
Binoo K. John
S.K. Verma
Probal Dasgupta’s The Otherness of English: India’s Auntie Tongue Syndrome (1993) examines the place of English in Indian society.
Matching & Chronology Across Schools
58. Match the following items/ideas with the writers who first used/popularised them:
(a) The Frontier Thesis
(b) The Lost Generation
(c) Third Space
(d) Structure of Feeling
(i) Raymond Williams
(ii) Homi Bhabha
(iii) F.J. Turner
(iv) Gertrude Stein
Choose the correct option from those given below:
(a)-(iv); (b)-(i); (c)-(ii); (d)-(iii)
(a)-(iii); (b)-(i); (c)-(iv); (d)-(ii)
(a)-(iii); (b)-(iv); (c)-(ii); (d)-(i)
(a)-(i); (b)-(iii); (c)-(iv); (d)-(ii)
Frontier Thesis: F.J. Turner; Lost Generation: Gertrude Stein; Third Space: Homi Bhabha; Structure of Feeling: Raymond Williams.
59. Match the books with the writers:
(a) The Madwoman in the Attic
(b) The Wretched of the Earth
(c) Shakespearean Negotiations
(d) Is There a Text in This Class?
(i) Frantz Fanon
(ii) Stephen Greenblatt
(iii) Stanley Fish
(iv) Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar
Choose the correct option from those given below:
(a)-(iii); (b)-(iv); (c)-(i); (d)-(ii)
(a)-(i); (b)-(ii); (c)-(iii); (d)-(iv)
(a)-(iv); (b)-(i); (c)-(ii); (d)-(iii)
(a)-(ii); (b)-(iii); (c)-(iv); (d)-(i)
The Madwoman in the Attic: Gilbert and Gubar; The Wretched of the Earth: Fanon; Shakespearean Negotiations: Greenblatt; Is There a Text in This Class?: Fish.
60. Match the following:
(a) Homi Bhabha
(b) Geoffrey Hartman
(c) Edward Said
(d) Julia Kristeva
i. Saving the Text
ii. The Location of Culture
iii. Desire in Language
iv. Culture and Imperialism
Choose the correct option:
(a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
Homi Bhabha: The Location of Culture; Geoffrey Hartman: Saving the Text; Edward Said: Culture and Imperialism; Julia Kristeva: Desire in Language.
61. Match the term with the theorist:
Term:
(a) Negritude
(b) Womanism
(c) Interpellation
(d) Public Sphere
Theorist:
(1) Alice Walker
(2) Jürgen Habermas
(3) Aimé Césaire
(4) Louis Althusser
(a)-(2), (b)-(1), (c)-(4), (d)-(3)
(a)-(3), (b)-(2), (c)-(4), (d)-(1)
(a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(4), (d)-(3)
(a)-(3), (b)-(1), (c)-(4), (d)-(2)
Negritude: Aimé Césaire; Womanism: Alice Walker; Interpellation: Louis Althusser; Public Sphere: Jürgen Habermas.
62. Match the following:
List I (Schools/Concept of Criticism)
I. Formalism
II. New Critics
III. Psychological Theory of the Value of Literature
IV. Literary art as archetypal image
List II (Critics)
1. John Crowe Ransom
2. The Jungians
3. Viktor Shklovsky
4. I.A. Richards
Codes: I II III IV
3 1 4 2
2 4 1 3
4 1 2 3
3 2 1 4
Formalism: Viktor Shklovsky; New Critics: John Crowe Ransom; psychological theory of the value of literature: I.A. Richards; literary art as archetypal image: the Jungians.
63. Match the items in List I with items in List II according to the code given below:
List I (Critic)
i. Cleanth Brooks
ii. William Empson
iii. Mark Schorer
iv. Maud Bodkin
List II (Theory)
1. Ambiguity
2. Paradox
3. Archetypal patterns in poetry
4. Technique as discovery
Codes: i ii iii iv
2 1 4 3
3 2 1 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
Cleanth Brooks: paradox; William Empson: ambiguity; Mark Schorer: technique as discovery; Maud Bodkin: archetypal patterns in poetry.
64. Arrange the following in the chronological order of publication:
A. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
B. Course in General Linguistics
C. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language
D. How to Do Things with Words
D, B, A, C
C, B, A, D
B, D, A, C
B, A, D, C
Course in General Linguistics (1916), How to Do Things with Words (1962), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language (1984).
65. Arrange the following terms in the chronological order of emergence:
A. Heresy of Paraphrase
B. Stream of Consciousness
C. Practical Criticism
D. Defamiliarisation
D, B, C, A
B, D, A, C
B, D, C, A
D, C, B, A
Stream of consciousness (William James, 1890), defamiliarisation (Shklovsky, 1917), practical criticism (Richards, 1929), heresy of paraphrase (Brooks, 1947).
Arche-écriture: Derrida; cyborg: Donna Haraway; genotext: Kristeva; hermeneutic circle: Schleiermacher.
68. The following is a list of key critical terms. Which is the right chronological order of their formulation?
Langue – the unconscious – différance – heresy of paraphrase
The unconscious – langue – heresy of paraphrase – différance
Différance – langue – heresy of paraphrase – the unconscious
Langue – différance – the unconscious – heresy of paraphrase
The unconscious: Freud (c. 1900); langue: Saussure (lectures 1906-11, published 1916); heresy of paraphrase: Cleanth Brooks (1947); différance: Derrida (1967-68).
69. Match the writers in List I with their ideas in List II.
List I
I. Raymond Williams
II. J. L. Austin
III. Michel Foucault
IV. Mikhail Bakhtin
List II
i. Speech-act Theory
ii. Dialogism
iii. Marxism
iv. Poststructuralism
Codes: (I) (II) (III) (IV)
i ii iii iv
iii i iv ii
iv iii ii i
iii iv ii i
Raymond Williams: Marxism; J. L. Austin: speech-act theory; Michel Foucault: poststructuralism; Mikhail Bakhtin: dialogism.
70. Match the thinkers with the concepts.
List I
(I) Raymond Williams
(II) Clifford Geertz
(III) Hayden White
(IV) Michel Foucault
List II
(i) co-text
(ii) episteme
(iii) thick description
(iv) structure of feeling
Codes: (I) (II) (III) (IV)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
Raymond Williams: structure of feeling; Clifford Geertz: thick description; Hayden White: co-text; Michel Foucault: episteme.
71. Choose the correct option which matches the critic (Column A) with the concept/theory they put forward (Column B).
Column A
(i) Derrida
(ii) Saussure
(iii) Homi Bhabha
(iv) Edward Said
Column B
(a) Hybridity
(b) Deconstruction
(c) Orientalism
(d) Structuralism
(i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
(i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)
(i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)
(i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
Derrida: deconstruction; Saussure: structuralism; Homi Bhabha: hybridity; Edward Said: Orientalism.
72. Match the critics (Column A) with the modes of literary representation (Column B).
Column A
(i) Hélène Cixous
(ii) Henry Louis Gates
(iii) Lee Edelman
(iv) Gerald Vizenor
Column B
(A) Homographic
(B) Trickster figure
(C) Signifying
(D) Feminine writing
(i) (D); (ii) (C); (iii) (A); (iv) (B)
(i) (A); (ii) (B); (iii) (C); (iv) (D)
(i) (B); (ii) (A); (iii) (D); (iv) (C)
(i) (C); (ii) (D); (iii) (B); (iv) (A)
Hélène Cixous: feminine writing (écriture féminine); Henry Louis Gates: Signifying; Lee Edelman: homographesis; Gerald Vizenor: the trickster figure.
73. Which one of the following critic–school pairs is correctly matched?
Raymond Williams – Cultural Studies
Fredric Jameson – Archetypal Criticism
I.A. Richards – Historical Criticism
Allen Tate – Marxist Criticism
Raymond Williams is a founding figure of British Cultural Studies; Jameson is a Marxist, Richards a practical/New Critic and Tate a New Critic.
74. Match the following:
List I
a. Myth and Ritual
b. Ambiguity
c. Anxiety of Influence
d. Alienation effect
List II
1. William Empson
2. Harold Bloom
3. Bertolt Brecht
4. James G. Frazer
Codes:
a – 3, b – 1, c – 4, d – 2
a – 2, b – 1, c – 3, d – 4
a – 4, b – 1, c – 2, d – 3
a – 3, b – 1, c – 2, d – 4
Myth and ritual: James G. Frazer (The Golden Bough); Ambiguity: William Empson; Anxiety of Influence: Harold Bloom; Alienation effect: Bertolt Brecht.
75. Match the following literary theories with their features:
List I
a. Deconstruction
b. Structuralism
c. Marxist Criticism
d. New Criticism
List II
1. The perspective of historical materialism
2. Intrinsic understanding of actual words on the page
3. Resists any process of interpretation
4. Contribution to narratology
a-1, b-4, c-3, d-2
a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4
a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1
Deconstruction: resists closure of interpretation; Structuralism: contribution to narratology; Marxist Criticism: historical materialism; New Criticism: intrinsic close reading of the words on the page.
76. Match the critics with the critical terms they are associated with:
Theory of Adaptation: Linda Hutcheon; Polysystem Theory: Itamar Even-Zohar; Rewriting-Culture School: André Lefevere; Feminist Translation Studies: Sherry Simon.
78. Match the following:
List I
a. Raymond Williams
b. Theodor W. Adorno
c. Herbert Marcuse
d. Stuart Hall
List II
i. Dialectic of Enlightenment
ii. Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse
iii. Keywords
iv. Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis
a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii
a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
Williams: Keywords (1976); Adorno: Dialectic of Enlightenment (with Horkheimer, 1944/47); Marcuse: Soviet Marxism (1958); Hall: Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse (1973).
79. Match List I with List II:
List I (Writer)
(A) Homi Bhabha
(B) T.S. Eliot
(C) Roland Barthes
(D) John Fiske
List II (Book)
I. Reading the Popular
II. The Location of Culture
III. Notes towards the Definition of Culture
IV. Image-Music-Text
A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994); Eliot: Notes towards the Definition of Culture (1948); Barthes: Image-Music-Text (1977); Fiske: Reading the Popular (1989).
80. Arrange the following terms in the chronological order in which they appeared in literary theory:
(A) Phallogocentrism
(B) Locutionary Act
(C) Interpellation
(D) Interpretive community
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A), (D), (C), (B)
(B), (C), (A), (D)
(C), (B), (D), (A)
(D), (B), (A), (C)
Locutionary act: J.L. Austin (1955 lectures, 1962); interpellation: Althusser (1970); phallogocentrism: Derrida (mid-1970s); interpretive community: Stanley Fish (1976).
82. Stylistics is the modern version of the ancient discipline known as ________, which taught its students how to structure an argument.
Philology
Rhetoric
Neoplatonism
Neoclassicism
Classical rhetoric taught the arts of persuasion and the structuring of argument; modern stylistics continues its close attention to linguistic form and effect.
83. Throughout the nineteenth century, linguistics was usually known as ________, and was almost entirely historical in emphasis.
Narratology
Semiology
Phenomenology
Philology
Nineteenth-century language study was called philology and was diachronic, tracing the historical development of languages, before Saussure’s synchronic turn.
84. During the 1980s, linguists consulted and incorporated non-linguistic material in what came to be called the ________, which had a limited degree of eclecticism and was less likely to claim that it alone studied literature in an objective way.
Neoplatonism
Rhetoric
New stylistics
Phenomenology
The ‘new stylistics’ of the 1980s drew on non-linguistic material and was more eclectic, abandoning the claim that it alone offered an objective study of literature.
85. Who wrote the 1986 book Linguistic Criticism, which characterised linguistic criticism as “objective description of texts”?
Fowler
Madison
Clinton
Eliot
Roger Fowler’s Linguistic Criticism (1986) is a key work of stylistics that applies linguistic description to literary and other texts.
86. ________ is often seen by the stylistician as impressionistic, intuitive and random.
Emotive language
Constative language
Close reading
Surface structure
Stylisticians regard traditional close reading as impressionistic and intuitive, contrasting it with their own systematic, linguistically based analysis.
87. Who is credited with coining the term “under-lexicalisation”?
Fletcher
Fowler
Roderick
Sligh
Roger Fowler used under-lexicalisation for the lack of a suitable word for a concept, so that a writer must resort to circumlocution.
88. Which of the following terms refers to lexical items (words) which cross the boundaries between sentences, binding them into a single continuous utterance even though they are grammatically separate sentences?
Syntax
Trope
Trace
Cohesion
Cohesion denotes the lexical and grammatical links across sentence boundaries that bind separate sentences into a continuous text.
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